History of the Rorschach Inkblot Test
One of Hermann Rorschach’s favorite games as a child was Klecksography, which involves creating inkblots and making up stories or poems about them. He enjoyed the game so much that his school friends nicknamed him “Klecks,” the German word for “inkblot.” His interest in inkblots continued into adulthood. While working in a psychiatric hospital, Rorschach noticed that patients with schizophrenia responded to the blots differently from patients with other diagnoses. He began wondering if inkblots could be used to create profiles for different mental disorders. So, inspired perhaps by both his favorite childhood game and his studies of Sigmund Freud’s dream symbolism, Rorschach developed a systematic approach to using inkblots as an assessment tool.
Uses of the Rorschach Inkblot Test
The Rorschach test is used in psychotherapy and counseling, although not as frequently as in the past. Practitioners use it to gain qualitative information about their patients, including their personalities, emotional functioning, and thinking patterns. The results serve as a springboard to further discussion about issues they purportedly illustrate. In fact, psychologists once used the Rorschach to diagnose mental conditions such as schizophrenia. Likewise, organizations use the test to measure attributes such as creativity, intelligence, and temperament and to assess suitability for employment, acceptance into organizations, and adoption approval.
Administration of the Rorschach Inkblot Test
There are 10 official inkblots, each printed on separate white cards. Five inkblots are black and gray; two are black, gray, and red; and three are multicolored without any black. During administration, the examiner will sit next to you. This helps them see what you see. The test involves certain steps: On average, it takes about 1.5 hours to administer and score the test.
Scoring the Rorschach Inkblot Test
So what exactly do interpreters of the Rorschach test look for when they are analyzing responses to the inkblots? The actual content of the responses is one thing, but other factors are essential as well.
Content
Content refers to the name or class of objects used in your responses. Some common contents include:
Whole Human (H): A whole human figure.Human Detail (Hd): An incomplete human form (e.g., a leg) or a whole form without a body part (e.g., a person without a head).Human Detail (fictional or mythological; Hd): An incomplete fictional or mythological human figure (e.g., wings of an angel).Animal Detail (Ad): An incomplete animal form (e.g., cat’s head, claw of a crab).Sex (Sx): Anything involving sex organs, activity of a sexual nature, or sexual reproduction (e.g., sexual intercourse, breasts).Nature (Na): Anything astronomical or weather-related (e.g., sun, planets, water, rainbow).
Some responses are quite common, while others may be much more unique. Highly atypical responses are notable since they might indicate disturbances in thought patterns.
Location
Identifying the location of your response is another element scored in the Rorschach system. Location refers to how much of the inkblot you used to answer the question.
“D” if a commonly described part of the blot was used.“Dd” if an uncommonly described or unusual detail was used.“S” if the white space in the background was used. “W” if the whole inkblot was used to answer the question.
Determinants
Determinant coding is one of the most complex features of scoring Rorschach. This is where the examiner considers the reasons why you see what you see. What inkblot features helped determine your response and how? There are six broad categories of inkblot determinants you could be responding to:
ColorFormMovementPairs and Reflections Shading
For example, if you report seeing a flower in Card 8 because of the red color, your examiner may code that response as Color determinant. Each category has its own subcategories and there are at least 26 possible determinant codes. More than one determinant can be used in a single response.
Interpretation of the Rorschach Inkblot Test
Interpreting a Rorschach record is a complex process. It requires a wealth of knowledge concerning personality dynamics generally as well as considerable experience with the Rorschach method specifically. In addition to formal scores, Rorschach interpretation is also based on behaviors expressed during the testing, patterns of scores across responses, unique or consistent themes in the responses, and unique or idiosyncratic perceptions.
Criticisms of the Rorschach Inkblot Test
Despite its popularity, the Rorschach is a controversial test. Many of the criticisms center on how the test is scored and whether the results have any diagnostic value.
Multiple Scoring Systems
Before 1970, there were as many as five scoring systems that differed so dramatically that they essentially represented five different versions of the test. In 1974, John Exner published a comprehensive new scoring system that combined the strongest elements of the earlier systems. The Exner scoring system is now the standard approach used in the administration, scoring, and interpretation of the Rorschach test.
Lacks Reliability
Another key criticism of the Rorschach is that it lacks reliability. Reliability means you get the same results no matter who is scoring the test. Scoring relies heavily on examiner interpretation. Because of this, two examiners can arrive at two very different conclusions when looking at the same person’s responses.
Poor Validity
In addition to early criticism of the inconsistent scoring systems, detractors also find fault with its validity. In other words, does it measure what it claims to measure? In this case, can the Rorschach correctly assess your personality characteristics and emotional functioning? Unfortunately, the answer is a resounding no. Research shows the Rorschach is most often unable to accurately diagnose most psychological disorders, including depression, anxiety, or personality disorders. However, research shows that it does have value for assessing thought disorders and schizophrenia-related symptoms.
Is the Rorschach Still Used?
Today, some psychologists dismiss the Rorschach as merely a relic of psychology’s past, a pseudoscience on par with phrenology. However, though the inkblot test may not be a perfect tool, it continues to be used widely, particularly for diagnosing schizophrenia—which was Rorschach’s original intent for the test. The test is used in a variety of settings, such as in schools, hospitals, and courtrooms.
